MICRO CHANNEL FLOW.

In micro channel flow the fluid passes through channels of hydraulic diameters in the order of millimeter.currently many people are working on this topic.The need for cooling solutions of small sizes is the main reason for the research in this particular area. Many people have been working on this area since 1980.
it was Tuckerman and pease(1980) who initiated experiments in this area and found deviations from conventional correlations. later WU and Little reported the same discrepancies followed by Choi Et Al ,Yu Et aL,Mala and Li etc.All the results so far quoted were based on experimental work.But in 2004, owahib came up with his experimental investigations that the heat transfer correlations were in accordance with the conventional ones.Then Lee and Garimella (2004) came with some ting new .They conducted NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS considering the effects of thermal boundary layers and all.Their numerical investigations were clearly in accordance with the conventional ones.Their work consisted of different cases ,they meticulously took into effect the of thermal and boundary layer . They conducted simulations for all the possible cases and came up with conclusion that the discrepancies which were found were because of the boundary layer effects.In the paper they have published various cases and in each case the numerical investigations were in accordance with the results which were in accordance with work earlier. LEE ,V.Garimella, Khandilekar are few of the people who are working extensively in this area.
To sum up, the micro channel flows and mini channel flows are in accordance with the conventional correlations .one has to be very careful in understanding the type of flow he is dealing with because in cases where flow is not completely developed the Nusselt number would be more than Expected .

How to LOCK a Folder without using any software in Windows XP

How to LOCK a Folder without using any software in Windows XP ...

*Copy the following codes (Marked in blue colour) :

cls
@ECHO OFF
title Folder Locker
if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK
if NOT EXIST Locker goto MDLOCKER
:CONFIRM
echo Are you sure u want to Lock the folder(Y/N)
set/p "cho=>"
if %cho%==Y goto LOCK
if %cho%==y goto LOCK
if %cho%==n goto END
if %cho%==N goto END
echo Invalid choice.
goto CONFIRM
:LOCK
ren Locker "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
echo Folder locked
goto End
:UNLOCK
echo Enter password to Unlock folder
set/p "pass=>"
if NOT %pass%==type your password here goto FAIL
attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" Locker
echo Folder Unlocked successfully
goto End
:FAIL
echo Invalid password
goto end
:MDLOCKER
md Locker
echo Locker created successfully
goto End
:End

* Now paste it in notepad.
* Change the "type your password here" with your password (Marked as bold in the above posted matter).
* Save it as batch file(with extension .bat).Any name will do.
* Now you see a batch file. Double click it to create a folder locker.
* A new folder named Locker would be formed at the same location.
* Now brings all the files you want to hide in the locker folder.
* Now double click the batch file to lock the folder namely Locker.
* If you want to unlock your files,double click the batch file again and you would be prompted for password.Enter the password and enjoy access to the folder.

Regards
http://allfree-stuff.com

SHORTCUT KEYS : Run Commands To Access The Control Panel

SHORTCUT KEYS : Run Commands To Access The Control Panel

Add/Remove Programs control appwiz.cpl
Date/Time Properties control timedate.cpl
Display Properties control desk.cpl
FindFast control findfast.cpl
Fonts Folder control fonts
Internet Properties control inetcpl.cpl
Keyboard Properties control main.cpl keyboard
Mouse Properties control main.cpl
Multimedia Properties control mmsys.cpl
Network Properties control netcpl.cpl
Password Properties control password.cpl
Printers Folder control printers
Sound Properties control mmsys.cpl sounds
System Properties control sysdm.cpl

CRDe

CRDe stands for common rail diesel injection,one of the types of fuel injection. they allow for controlling injection timing ,injection pressure and injection quantity independently and decreases engine noise significantly.

Denso developed the first CRDe in 1995 and since then it has been supplying it to many companies. They are being used to meet the EURO 4 emission rules.

A high-pressure pump increases the fuel pressure in the accumulator up to 1,600 bar or 23,200 PSI. The pressure is set by the engine control unit and is independent of the engine speed and quantity of fuel being injected into any of the cylinders. The fuel is then transferred through rigid pipes to the fuel injectors, which inject the correct amount of fuel into the combustion chambers.

Injectors are actuated by electronic diesel control . some use piezo crystals .

The electronic diesel control unit precisely meters the amount of fuel injected, and improves atomization of the fuel by controlling the injector pulsations. This results in quieter, more fuel efficient engines; cleaner operation; and more power output.

scram jet design and oblique shock

In scram jets combustion occurs at super sonic air velocities. Oxygen is directly available from air and there is no need for tank to store oxygen. the velocities with which these engines run are very high about 10 -15 times sonic speed.

Intake of air matters a lot in this design . and it is a bit complex .

If the pressures with which air enter s the combustor increases we get high speeds .

In order to achieve high pressures the intake is designed in such a way to increase pressure. The main principle behind it being oblique shock occurrence which causes an increase in pressure and change in direction of flow .

The body of jet is provided with ramps (as shown in figure ) which are responsible for generation of oblique shock waves.the generation of oblique shock occurs at the tip of the ramp .the designing is done in such a way that the shock wave direction after meeting the ramp tips converge at the inlet of the intake of combustor and the flow is also directed towards the intake .

FUEL INJECTORS

In trying to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency laws, the fuel system used in modern cars has changed a lot over the years. For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine , the carburetor has been the device that supplied fuel to the engine. But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more and more complicated trying to handle all of the operating requirements.

At first, carburetors were replaced with throttle body fuel injection systems. Gradually, as new engines were designed, throttle body fuel injection was replaced by multi-port fuel injection.

Fuel-injection management comprises all the components which are involved in transferring the fuel from the tank and into the combustion chamber:

• The low-pressure pump forces the fuel from the tank into the pressure chamber of the high-pressure pump.
• The high-pressure pump compresses the fuel.
• Mechanically or electronically triggered valves meter the correct amount of compressed fuel to the engine at the correct moment in time.
• The fuel is then injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzles

Here is a over view of common rail injection systems being produced by bosch which gives us an idea about their progress

1997:
First Common Rail system in the world for passenger cars.
Injection pressure: 1,350 bar.

1999:
Common Rail system for trucks.
Injection pressure: 1,400 bar.

2001:
2nd generation Common Rail for passenger cars makes diesel engines even more economical, cleaner, quieter and more powerful. Injection pressure: 1,600 bar.

2002:
2nd generation Common Rail for trucks gives lower emissions, improved fuel consumption and more power.
Injection pressure: 1,600 bar.

2003:
3rd generation Common Rail with rapid-switch piezo inline injectors for cars.
Advantages: up to 20 % lower emissions or up to 5 % more power or up to 3 % lower fuel consumption or up to 3 dB(A) less engine noise.
Injection pressure: 1,600 bar.

troubleshooting sound problems

Computers use sound cards to send sound signals from your computer to your speakers. A sound card is a piece of hardware inside the computer that can be built into the motherboard or a standalone card. These cards are usually PCI cards which is the most common add-on card type. There are companies who make external USB sound cards but they are not very common.
These sound cards use drivers to communicate with the operating system. For most users the operating system is some version of Microsoft Windows. Of course there are other operating systems such as Macintosh OSX and Linux. If the operating system doesn’t have the correct driver installed or no driver at all then it won’t know what to do with the new hardware and most of the time return some sort of error.

There are a few ways to install drivers for your sound card. The most common way is to install the driver/software from the CD that came with the sound card. Sometimes you will install the software before the card and sometimes you will install the card before the software depending on the manufactures instructions. The software contains the drivers and any other sound management utilities such as a mixer for example. Windows also has a way for you to manage your sound settings.
If you don’t have the CD that came with your sound card you can usually download it from the manufactures website if you know the model of the sound card. Another way to install drivers is from Windows update. This will only work if Windows recognizes your card and knows what drivers to look for. Sometimes if you restart your computer Windows will see that you have new hardware and ask you how you want to install the software for it. There will be a section asking you if you will allow Windows to go to search for drivers online and see if it can download the correct driver.
You can also go into Device Manager and find the sound card and double click it to open its properties. Then go to the Driver tab and click on update driver and follow the prompts to have it search your computer, CDROM or Windows update. If you don’t see your sound card look for an unknown device or an icon with a yellow question mark or exclamation point on it. This indicates that Windows sees the device but there is an issue with the driver. This is a good place to look if you are having sound problems with an existing sound card that came with your computer. The driver could have become corrupt or you may have inadvertently downloaded a new driver during Windows Update that is causing a conflict. There is a button to roll back the driver to go back to the previous version which may solve your problem. You can also remove the device from Device Manager, reboot the computer and let Windows detect the sound card again and reinstall the drivers.
If you are having problems with an existing sound card not working all of the sudden and everything looks fine in Device Manager then the next step is to check your speakers and speaker connection. If you have any other speakers or even an iPod or Walkman headset you can plug them in and see if you get sound. If so then your speakers are most likely not good anymore. Also make sure they are plugged into the right jack and that the plug is in all the way.
Next make sure your volume is turned up. Some speakers have separate volume controls on the speakers themselves that can be used in addition to the volume control within Windows. The speaker control is usually in the lower right corner by the clock and you can click on it to adjust the level. You can also double click on it to bring up other sound level controls.

If you don’t have the speaker icon by the clock then you can add it by going to Control Panel and then clicking on the Sounds and Audio Devices icon. From there check the box that says Place volume icon in the taskbar.
The next step is to check more of the options under Control Panel and the Sounds and Audio Devices section. Under the Volume tab you can check the volume, make sure it’s not on mute, and check the speaker volume and configuration. The Sounds tab allows you to configure what sounds play for what events in Windows. You can also turn off the Windows sounds if you don’t like them. It won’t affect your other sound settings. The Audio tab lists your sound device for playback, recording and MIDI music. Make sure the default device is what you have installed in your computer and not another device or older device that may have been removed. The Voice tab is similar to the Audio tab except its for voice playback and recording using some sort of microphone. The Hardware tab lists your installed audio devices including CD/DVD players. You can do basic troubleshooting from here as well as run the Sound Troubleshooter Wizard by highlighting the device and clicking on the Troubleshoot button. You can check the properties of the device as well as the driver configuration from the Properties button.
Another trick is to take the sound card out of its slot and put it a different slot if you have one available. If your sound card is built into the motherboard then this is not an option although you can add an actual sound card and use that instead of the built in sound card. You may want to go into the BIOS to disable the onboard sound card to avoid any conflicts. Finally it is possible that the sound card or speaker jack on the card has gone bad and you may end up having to replace it with a new one.

common pc problems

Common PC problems

Windows stops responding or freezes
Possible causes

Overheating
Bad hardware such as RAM
Corrupt driver
Software related issue
Computer reboots by itself

Possible causes

Virus issue such as the Blaster worm
Bad power supply
Overheating
Software or operating system related issue
Computer performs many Illegal Operations

Possible causes

Poorly written software is installed
Corrupt files
Corrupt drivers
Data being improperly read from source
Bad memory

some computertips keyboard short cuts

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Go to the Inbox CTRL+SHIFT+I
Go to the Outbox CTRL+SHIFT+O
Check for New Mail F5 or CTRL+M
Start a New E-mail message CTRL+SHIFT+M
Open the address book CTRL+SHIFT+B
Start a New appointment CTRL+SHIFT+A
Start a New contact CTRL+SHIFT+C
Start a New meeting request CTRL+SHIFT+Q
Start a New a task CTRL+SHIFT+K
Make the Find a Contact box active F11
Open the Advanced Find dialog box CTRL+SHIFT+F
Mark an e-mail message as read CTRL+Q
Delete an e-mail message, contact, calendar item, or task CTRL+D

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Front Page 2000 Shortcut Keys
Front Page has quite a few shortcut keys. My favorites are:

Center a paragraph CTRL+E
Left align a paragraph CTRL+L
Right align a paragraph CTRL+R
Display HTML tags CTRL+ /
Apply the Heading 1 style (ect.) CTRL+ALT+1
Apply the Normal style CTRL+SHIFT+ N
Not listed in their help is:
Cycle through Normal / HTML / Preview Ctrl-PgUp/ Down
If you are at the last row in a table, the TAB key will add a new row below the current one.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fast Access to the Desktop
To get an Explorer view of the Desktop

Press Ctrl-Esc or click the Start button
Press R to go to Run. Note: If you are using a Win keyboard, you can get to this point by pressing Win+R
Type in a period

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Opening Up the Task Manager in NT 4
In Windows NT 4, to quickly bring up the task manager, press Ctrl-Shift-Esc


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MS-Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
Open the start menu - Submitted by Daniel F. Win
Display the pop-up menu for the selected object - Submitted by Daniel F. Win+F1
Start Explorer Win+E
Find Files or Folders Win+F
Find computer Ctrl+Win+F
Minimizes all windows Win+M
Undo Minimize All Shift+Win+M
Display Run Dialog box Win-R
Cycles through taskbar buttons Win+Tab
Displays System Properties Win+Break

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Getting to My Computer from the Control Panel

If you're in Control Panel, hitting the Backspace key will switch you into the My Computer folder.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Undo
Press CTRL + Z to undo things like renaming a file in Explorer


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Minimizing All Windows
To minimize all windows:

Press Ctrl-ESC to bring up the Task Bar
Press Alt-M
This makes it a lot easier to minimize windows when all your open applications are full screen.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shortcut to System Properties
To access the System Properties screen quickly, simply hold down the ALT key while double clicking on the My Computer icon.

While holding the windows key, press the Pause / Break key.
This will open up the System Properties box.
From here you can easily get to the Device Manager


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Duplicating the Right Mouse Click
Pressing the Shift-F10 key will be the same as clicking the right-mouse button.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Accessing Programs from the Start Button
To access your programs more quickly from your start button, with out aid of a mouse, hit ctrl+esc to open your start menu.
Then, type the letter for the directory you are looking for.
For example, to access the ever popular game of solitaire, CTRL+ESC, then "P" for programs, "A" for accessories, "G" for games, then "S" for Solitaire.
If there is more than one entry for the letter, keep hitting the letter until you reach your desired location. Then, hit enter.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quickly Starting Explorer
You can quickly start an explorer session by holding down the Windows key on a Microsoft Keyboard and pressing the E.key


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Remapping the Keyboard
You can download Keyboard Remap (20 K) from Microsoft to reassign you keystrokes.
With this you can also assign a key to function like the Windows key on the Microsoft keyboards.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Internet Explorer Shortcuts
Here are a few IE keyboard shortcuts: Go ‘Back’ to the previous page Alt+Left Arrow
Go ‘Forward’ to the next page Alt+Right Arrow
Add to Favorites on the current web page Ctrl+D
Open the History folder Ctrl+H
Open the Organize Favorites window Ctrl+B
Lets you open a new web page Ctrl+L
Open a new browser window Ctrl+N
Reload the current page Ctrl+R
Close the active Internet Explorer window Ctrl+W



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bringing up the Properties Window
While holding the ALT key double click on an icon to bring up the properties.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Resizing and Moving a Window
To Resize or Move a window:

Press Alt-Space
Press the S key - To Resize
Press the M key - To Move
You can now use the arrow keys to resize or move the window


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Key stroking is faster than mouse moving
In desktop you can press "m", "My Briefcase is highlighted, press "enter" will open this applet.
If you do not press "enter",
The next "m" key stroke will highlight "My Computer".
"Ctrl"-"Esc", press "P" for Programs, "enter","M""enter", you get to the first program or folder that starts with "M"
Other applets will also be opened the same way.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Explorer Shortcut Keys
F4 - Displays the Combo Box
F5 - Refresh the display
Ctrl+Z - Undo last action
Backspace - Go up one directory

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quickly Search for Files
To quickly open up the Find all Files window

Press Ctrl+ESC ESC
Press F3

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To copy a file with a Mouse/Keyboard combo

Drag the file while holding down the CTRL key - A + will appear on the icon

To move a file with a Mouse/Keyboard combo
Drag file while holding down SHIFT key - Nothing appears on the icon

If moving a icon with the mouse and an arrow appears, it will create a shortcut.
You can press shift or ctrl at anytime during the drag
and it will change this little part of the icon.

hacking

Hacker is a clever programmer. A "good hack" is a clever solution to a programming problem and "hacking" is the act of doing it

Who is Kevin Mitnick? The picture that emerged after his arrest in Raleigh, N.C. last February was of a 31-year old computer programmer, who had been given a number of chances to get his life together but each time was seduced back to the dark side of the computer world. Kevin David Mitnick reached adolescence in suburban Los Angeles in the late 1970s, the same time the personal computer industry was exploding beyond its hobbyist roots. More on Kevin Mitnick

Fadia was educated at Delhi Public School. He started a website called "HackingTruths", which he claims was judged as the "second best hacking site in the world by the FBI". He claims that when he was 14, he trashed the front page of an Indian magazine's website. He then sent an e-mail to the editor confessing to the hack, suggesting counter measures. At 15, his book on Ethical Hacking made him the youngest author to be published by Macmillan India. More on Ankit Fadia

India stand at fourth place in wind power

Hello friends

this post was originally posted at http://electro-scope.blogspot.com/ by Mr N R Meel and with his due permission is being posted here.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2006, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 74,223megawatts; although it currently produces just over 1% of world-wide electricity use. it accounts for approximately 20% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain, and 7% in Germany.Globally, wind power generation more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006.

Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In windmills (a much older technology), wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, such as crushing grain or pumping water.

Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and reduces toxic atmospheric and green house emmission if used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when using wind power at low to moderate penetration levels.
India ranks 4th in the world with a total wind power capacity of 6,270 MW in 2006. Wind power generates 3% of all electricity produced in India. The World Wind Energy Conference in New Delhi in November 2006 has given additional impetus to the Indian wind industry. The windfarm near Muppandal, India, provides an impoverished village with energy for work.India-based Suzlon Energy is one of the world's largest wind turbine manufacturers.

Mechatronics

Mechatronics is a portmanteau word – a fusion of ‘mechanics’ and ‘electronis’.it first originated in the 1980s in japan . it was used to denote the combination of technologies used to produce industrial robots. Mechatronics can be defined as a synergetic integration of mechanical ,electrical,electronics and computer science and IT disciplines to produce products or systems.computers,disk drives,fax machines,VCR,washing machines robots are examples of these systems.

Experts are of the opinion that future mechanical,electrical ,computer science and IT have to deal with mechatronics or face the possibility of becoming out dated. Mechatronics are now a days used in manufacture of cars by use of electronic engine management systems ,collision detection,global positioning system etc.Research and development potential in mechatronics includes areas such as space technology, especially in the wake use of robots for space exploration.

Another variant of mechatronics is boimechatronics which is an applied interdisciplinary science that aims to integrate mechanical elements in human body,both for therapeutic uses and for augmentation of existing abilities.is includes aspectsof biology ,mechanics and electronics.

state level technical symposium in bio informatics

hi friends,
I am very glad to inform you people that there is a state level technical symposium "BIOSILICON" held in bharath university,chennai on 12th oct.any interested candidate can paticipate and present their paper and all the participants will be awarded with the participation certificate.if you are interested plz reply me back to ksowmya20@gmail.com for the topics. Hoping for the positive reply.

Civil Engg.

Civil Engineering is a profession which caters to the civic needs of humans such as shelter, water, transportation, etc. It essentially deals with design, construction and maintenance of the systems which cater to the human needs stated above. Some of these are buildings, bridges, roads, dams, towers, etc.

Civil Engineering can broadly be defined into the following divisions

1. Structural Engineering: One of the most interesting fields of civil engg. (according to me) deals with the design of structures. Structural engineers may work in tandem with architects in the design process. Nowadays the design is done mostly in softwares but still the role of a structural designer cannot be underestimated.

2. Building Technology and Construction Management: This involves the actual execution process. After software, construction sector is the one which has been having the maximum boom in the last five years. Construction is no more only brick and mortar. It requires high level of managerial skills along with the basic civil engg. Knowledge.

3. Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnical engineers deal with the soil as the name suggests. They are involved in design and construction of foundation systems. Nowadays there are companies dedicated only for Geotech works as the foundation systems are getting more and more complicated.

4. Transportation Engineering: It can again be divided into two categories one which deals with the design and construction of roads and other which deals with the design of road networks (they decide where to have a flyover, signal timings etc.). If you want to go to US for higher studies this is the field to go into. There is lot of research going on in US in transportation engineering and you can funding pretty easily.

5.Environmental and Water resources Engineering: This division deals with dams, irrigation projects, drinking water supply, waste water treatment, etc. Environmental Engg is one more option for students who want to go abroad for further studies. There is a lot of funding in environmental engg not only in US but also in Europe.

Montevina: The NExT Centrino to be launched by Intel

Intel had been waiting for the right time to unravel it’s brand new mobile platform. Intel calls it the Montevina platform. Montevina is the fifth generation Centrino platform, on which you not only get integrated WiMAX capabilities, but also benefit from chip-level support for both the upcoming laser-disc technologies, Blu-Ray and HD DVD. This almost aggregates the ongoing “format war”, since dual support for the formats is being preferred by an increasing number of manufacturers. It is good for the consumers, but Sony will be disappointed as this is going to nullify their efforts to make Blu-Ray the monarch.

Displayed at the Intel Developer Forum for the first time, the Montevina mobile computing platform has been specially designed to take over the company’s highly successful Santa Rosa notebook architecture. Montevina will host the new 45nm Penryn processor architecture, which means integrated WiMAX capabilities but could not opt for one choice in the ongoing high definition format war. Consumers will win in the end with this approach, as they will be able to watch movies that are exclusive to either format, while Toshiba and Sony sit down, bubbling in a corner.

This is a very appreciable effort from the Intel factories, since it is a chip manufacturer and to offer such support for both disc formats is simply a burden as the two formats commonly share the same codecs: H.264, VC9, and MPEG-2. It is this onboard support for either of the two platform that makes system makers choose either HD DVD or Blu-ray capability, or even both.

Seen overall, this HD format hype shall be easily overtaken by the on-board WiMax support that Montevina caters to.

by Mitesh Ashar

Original Post

Current electricity generation in india

This post was originally posted by NR Meel at our associate blog www.electroscope.blogspot.com and has been crossposted with due permission of author.

Electric power generation in india is done mostly by government sector entities, and are controlled by various central public sector corporations, like National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, National Thermal Power Corporation ,nuclear power corporation of india and various state level corporations.. The transmission and distribution is by the grid corporation ,State Electricity Boards (SEBs) or private companies.

Current per capita power consumption comes to around 600 units (KWH) per year.

Installed capacity

Grand Total Installed Capacity is 132,110.21 MW.( 2006)Thermal power plants·

• Coal based thermal power is 70,682 MW which contributes 53.3 % of total insatalled base· Gas Based
• Thermal Power is 13,691 MW which contributes around 11% of thermal based power·
• Oil Based Thermal Power contributes around 1% of total thermal power

Current installed base of Thermal Power is 85,575.84 MW which comes to 64.7% of total installed capacity from all sourses.

Hydro power plants

India was one of the poineering states in establishing hydro power plants . Current installed base of Hydro Power is 34,654 MW which comes to 26.2% of total installed capacity. Today Hydro sector has turbines as large as 250 MW and single stage projects as big as 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri .

Nuclear Power Plants

Currently 17 Nuclear Power reactors produce 4,120 MW which comes to 3.1% of total installed base.

Renewable power

Current installed base of Renewable Power is 6,761 MW which comes to 5.9% of total installed base.

Capacity addition by 2007

As per data (as of May 2006) shared by Power Ministry, addition power of 19,680 MW will be added in remaining period of 10'th Five Year Plan (2002-2007).

OEE-Overall Equipment Effectiveness

The concept of OEE is quite popular among Manufacturing Industries. It gives a good measure to the concerned authorities that how the Equipment is performing as a whole. It could be of individual stand alone machine or of full line. Though I have known the concept since last 5 years and also have used it many times during my job, but it was also tough to explain it to somebody.

Recently, one of my Professors, Prof Soumish Dev was teaching the concept again as part of Operations Subject. The way he explained it, was simply awesome. I am sharing the same explaination with you.

As can be seen in the picture above. Lets understand the concept from analogy point of view rather than taking it directly to machines and plants.

• Lets assume that there is a student of Engineering, who has 365 days in the year.
• Out of 365 days lets assume that 100 days are for holidays, as no student should study for 365 days. Then 265 days are left. This is known as Loading Time, while 100 days are known as Not Scheduled Time.
• Now, out of planned 265 days of working, student fells ill for aroun 15 days. Now, this gives us actually 250 days, where the student actually worked, and is known as Running Time. While the 15 days are known as Idle Time.
• Now, lets assume that the student claims that at his efficient or effective state of mind an health he can complete 80 pages of a book per day. So, this can be considered as Theoretical Output that is expected during the Running time. So, in this case it would be 250x80=20000 pages in the year. But, actually we found that he has read only 15000 pages. The reasons could be several that reduced his efficiency and effectivenes. So, 15000 pages, is known as Actual Output.
• Now, at the end of the year, teacher took a test of the student. The test was out of 15000 pages he studied during the year. As, the student has read it effectively and efficiently he should have got 100 marks out of 100. But, he got only 70 marks. Now, whats the reason. It means that out of 15000 pages he read only 70% properly. Other 30% was bad quality reading. So, he read only 10500 pages properly and the 4500 pages not properly. So, 10500 can be said as Good Output.

So, now we will calculate the OEE of student during the considered year. It will be comprised of following elements

• Availability i.e. Running Time/Loading Time or we can say actually followed time table w.r.t. planned time table.
• Speed Efficiency i.e. Actual Output/Theoretical output.
• Quality Efficiency i.e. Good Output/Actual Output.

Or if you notice carefully, in the above diagram we have just calculated Good Output/Loading Time.

Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering (sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering) is a engineering discipline that deals with the study and/or application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. The field now covers a range of sub-studies including those that deal with power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.

The term electrical engineering may or may not encompass electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits. Another way of looking at the distinction is that electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronics engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information.

Introduction to RFID in supply chain

Prof. John Clendenin, Chief Executive Officer of IC Logistics, U.S., has said “INDIAN ENTERPRISES must draw up plans to incorporate Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to meet emerging global requirements, failing which they will find it difficult to do business in a trans-national framework in the coming years.”

Research firm Gartner, Inc. states: “The use of RFID to capitalize on data flow in global supply chains could be one of the most-significant developments since enterprises first explicitly recognized the importance of information flow in the supply chain.”

Squeezing cost and inefficiency out of the supply chain has been one of the recurring mantras of the industrialized world for the past 50 years. The concept, as we would recognize it, has its roots in the Toyota Production System (TPS) of the 1950s and has been refined and improved significantly over the years to the point where one might expect that the most sophisticated devotees today have optimized their supply chains.

The journey towards perfection, however, never ends. In the very near future, the adoption of sensor-based Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology will allow the creation of the real-time, sensor-connected manufacturing plant. By adding RFID tags to every product, tool, resource and item of materials handling equipment, manufacturers will be able to get better demand signals from customers and the market. RFID will have a significant impact on every facet of supply chain management—from the mundane, such as moving goods through loading docks, to the complex, such as managing terabytes of data as information about goods on hand is collected in real time.

RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to identify objects automatically. The applications of RFID have been found in all kinds of consumer products and industrial equipment. RFID, which has the same purpose as a bar code, provides a unique identifier for the objects. The most significant advantage of RFID over the bar code is that the RFID does not have to be positioned precisely and can function approximately 20 feet from the scanner. RFID technology not only can help businesses satisfy customer requirement, but also increase productivity to stay competitive.

RFID technologies hold the promise of closing some of the information gaps in the supply chain, especially in retailing and logistics. As a mobile technology, RFID can enable “process freedoms” and real-time visibility into supply chains. RFID promises to revolutionise supply chains and usher in a new era of cost savings, efficiency and business intelligence. The potential applications are vast as it is relevant to any organisation engaged in the production, movement or sale of physical goods. This includes retailers, distributors, logistics service providers, manufacturers and their entire supplier base, hospitals and pharmaceuticals companies, and the entire food chain.

The technology in brief:

RFID is a generic technology concept that refers to the use of radio waves to identify objects(Auto-ID Center, 2002). RFID tags have both a microchip and an antenna. The microchip is used to store object information such as a unique serial number. The antenna enables the microchip to transmit object information to a reader, which transforms the information on the RFID tag to a format understandable by computers.

(The system as shown in Figure 1 consists of an interrogator or a controller, one or more transponders or tags.)

CMMI

“SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS WITH CMM”
ABSTRACT
“Understanding how software works will help to know how it can fail”
Abhishesh Kumar Sharma (AKS)
There are always these three questions going in the mind of any software implementers [19]:
Why is it so expensive to support and maintain my software products?
What is the reliability of our product?
What is the average cost of one software bug?
Software development organizations do not respond well to the process improvement innovations related to software development. Fear surrounds the thought of trying something new; this fear is accentuated by constant pressure to produce the product on time and within budget. Until recently, the vast majority of software companies did not view software development process management and improvement to be of strategic importance to the future of the company. Process improvement and its relationship to software quality, cost, and ability to meet schedules were never considered to be either useful weapons or, very often, differentiating factors against the competition. Nonetheless, a well-managed software development process can be viewed as an iterative process of information exchange and allows software development organizations a clear view and understanding of available information, providing a foundation for analysis and management of the software process based on hard facts and not vague assumptions. To be able to withstand the pressure of competition, to save money, and to improve the quality of production software, a progressive software development organization needs to realize the necessity for implementing and managing an efficient and effective software development process [16].
This paper presents the conceptual model of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) which is being examined of multiple relationships between measurable process quantities and characteristics. The quality in software project management has evolved over a period of time and CMM has matured to a significant level that almost all software companies follows this model. The next big model used is the ISO for the quality but CMMI has upper hand in advancement of tools and techniques [22].
Although CMMI has matured to enormous level but still many short coming has been found while following the procedure mentioned in the CMMI technical specification. Lots of research has been done in this upcoming field but still there is lot of scope for improvement hence this paper is going to discuss the shortcomings of CMMI and will provide many new tools to help overcome these problems.
The concept of system thinking has been used so that the various ideas will focus on the relationships between the parts forming a purposeful whole [3, 6, 11]. The concept of system dynamics has been incorporated as that will give the continuous view of events. Feedback from the external environment has formed the integral part of the model development. Organizations will be able to design, build, and implement high-quality software products in spite of unexpected organizational and personnel changes, implementation of new technologies, or changes in customer requirements.